Hoarseness

When the vocal cords vibrate, they produce sound. When the vocal cords are swollen, inflamed, or irritated, they do not vibrate properly, resulting in hoarseness.

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To determine the cause of hoarseness, a healthcare provider may perform a physical examination of the throat, ask about the patient's medical history and voice use habits, and may use diagnostic tools like laryngoscopy, a procedure using a flexible or rigid scope to examine the vocal cords, or imaging studies if necessary.

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There are a number of causes of hoarseness, including:

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• Upper respiratory infections: Colds, the flu, and other upper respiratory infections can cause inflammation of the vocal cords, leading to hoarseness.

• Laryngitis: Laryngitis is an inflammation of the larynx. It can be caused by a viral or bacterial infection, vocal overuse, or irritation from smoke or dust.

• Vocal overuse: Overusing the voice, such as by shouting, singing, or talking loudly for long periods of time, can strain the vocal cords and cause hoarseness.

• Smoking and secondhand smoke: Smoking and secondhand smoke can irritate the vocal cords and cause hoarseness.

• Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): GERD is a condition in which stomach acid backs up into the esophagus. This acid can irritate the vocal cords and cause hoarseness.

• Allergic rhinitis: Allergic rhinitis, also known as hay fever, can cause inflammation of the nose and throat, irritate the vocal cords, and cause hoarseness. Read more about allergic rhinitis here. 

• Neurological disorders: Neurological disorders, such as Parkinson's disease and stroke, can damage the nerves that control the vocal cords, leading to hoarseness.

• Tumors: In rare cases, hoarseness can be caused by a tumor in the larynx.

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Most cases of hoarseness are temporary and resolve on their own within a few weeks. However, if hoarseness persists for more than two weeks, it is important to see a doctor to rule out any underlying medical conditions.