Overview
Hyperthyroidism is a medical condition characterized by an overactive thyroid gland, which leads to an excessive production of thyroid hormones, primarily triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). These hormones play a crucial role in regulating various bodily functions, including metabolism, heart rate, and energy production.
When the thyroid gland produces too much of these hormones, it can lead to a range of symptoms and health problems.
Causes
Common symptoms of hyperthyroidism may include:
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Weight loss despite increased appetite
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Rapid or irregular heartbeat (palpitations)
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Nervousness and anxiety
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Tremors or shaky hands
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Sweating excessively
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Fatigue and muscle weakness
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Heat intolerance
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Insomnia
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Changes in menstrual patterns
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Bulging eyes (a characteristic of Graves' disease)
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Diagnosis
Doctors diagnose hyperthyroidism through a combination of medical history, physical examination, and laboratory tests. Blood tests to measure thyroid hormone levels (T3 and T4) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) are typically performed to confirm the diagnosis. Imaging studies like ultrasound or a radioactive iodine uptake scan may be used to identify the cause.
Treatment
The treatment for hyperthyroidism depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. Common treatment options include:
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Antithyroid medications (such as methimazole or propylthiouracil) to reduce hormone production.
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Radioactive iodine therapy, which destroys the overactive thyroid tissue.
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Surgery (thyroidectomy) to remove part or all of the thyroid gland, especially in cases of large thyroid nodules or when other treatments are ineffective.
Complications
If left untreated, hyperthyroidism can lead to serious health complications, including heart problems like atrial fibrillation, osteoporosis (due to bone loss), and in severe cases, a life-threatening condition called thyroid storm, which requires immediate medical attention.
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It's important for individuals with symptoms of hyperthyroidism to seek medical attention promptly, as early diagnosis and treatment can help manage the condition effectively and prevent complications. Thyroid disorders are generally manageable with the appropriate medical care.